Marine bacteria play a key role in thefunctioning of marine ecosystems. In these environments they form complex communities that are extremely dynamic in time and space, whoseglobal diversity is still largely unknown. Understandingthe mechanisms that govern their dynamic is essential to better understand their role in ecosystems and anticipate the influence of global changes andanthropogenic pressures. This thesis presents theset-up of a microbial observatory in the Bay of Brest and the Iroise Sea. Bacterial community dynamics inrelation to the environment were first studied using 16S amplicon sequencing. The presence of aseasonal front in the Iroise Sea deeply structuresbacterial communities that will vary with the different water masses. ...