The thesis deals with transport CO2 emissions in France. It questions the alignment of current trends and public policies with the French climate ambition of reaching carbon neutrality by 2050. The national low carbon strategy identifies 5 drivers to decarbonize the transport sector: the moderation of transport demand, modal shift, load factor optimization, energy efficiency, and carbon intensity of energy. The thesis studies (1) their evolution in the past, (2) their possible changes by 2050, (3) the importance of travel speed, and (4) some policy implications. It appears that the acceleration of transports and the subsequent increase of transport demand, participated in the rise of transport emissions in the second half of the 20th centur...