International audienceMousterian tools with traces of bitumen on their surfaces discovered at Umm el Tlel (Syria) have been dated to 40,000 years(BP). Until now tools with traces of bitumen were known only from the 8th millennium BC, but this new discovery shows usage 30,000years earlier. Mousterian complex VI 3, dated to 71,000-72,000 BP, has yielded fragments of black cobbles and eleven Levalloisartefacts with traces of black material demonstrated to be bituminous. Herein we present the geochemical and microscopy resultson materials from artefact and a cobble. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of both C15+ alkanes and C15+ aromaticsdemonstrates that the black substance is natural asphalt. The source of this asphaltic material ...