During in-reactor operation, the nuclear fuel is exposed to the simultaneous radiation of fission fragments, alpha and beta decay, neutrons, etc. UO₂ fuel pellets are the site of a huge damage production, mainly due to the energy loss of fission products. At the atomic scale, low-energy particles lead to formation of collision cascade while the high-energy particles induce electronic excitation and ionisation. Defects such as cavities, dislocation lines and loops are produced in the fuel leading to a microstructural evolution. This evolution may then induce a swelling and/or a restructuration, which can affect the nuclear fuel integrity. Although ballistic and electronic-induced damages are separately well documented, the coupled effects be...