Proteome-wide identification of in vivo ISG15 modification sites links ISGylation to metabolic pathways and autophagy following Listeria monocytogenes infection

ISG15 is an interferon-stimulated, ubiquitin-like protein, with anti-viral and anti-bacterial activity, however its precise mechanism of action during viral or bacterial infection remains elusive. We previously found that ISG15 restricts Listeria infection both in vitro and in vivo and identified ISGylated proteins that could be responsible for the protective effect. Here, we endeavored to map the in vivo ISGylome following Listeria infection to mechanistically elucidate the function of ISG15 in host defense. To do so we combined a genetic approach employing a murine model of deregulated ISGylation with quantitative proteomics of immune-enriched endogenous ISG15 modification sites. We mapped 930 ISG15 sites in 438 proteins. In addition, we also quantified protein level changes in the host proteome following infection. Gene ontology analysis revealed that ISGylated proteins were mostly enriched in proteins which alter cellular metabolic processes, including four upstream modulators of the catabolic and antibacterial pathway of autophagy. Structural analysis further revealed that a number of ISG15 modifications can occur at catalytic sites or dimerization interfaces of enzymes. Finally, we showed that animals and cells with deregulated ISGylation have increased infection-induced autophagy through the modification of mTOR, WIPI2, and AMBRA1. Taken together, these findings ascribe a putative role of ISGylation to temporarily reprogram organismal metabolism following infection through direct modification of a variety of enzymes in the liver