Problems of Legal Regulation of Illegal Work in Lithuania.

Magistro darbu siekiama atskleisti ir išanalizuoti pagrindines problemas susijusias su nelegalaus darbo reglamentavimu Lietuvoje. Nelegalus darbas vienas iš sunkiausių darbo teisės pažeidimų. Neigiamos pasekmes sukeliamos ne tik pačiam darbuotojui, bet ir valstybei. Todėl itin svarbu pažaboti šį reiškinį. Valstybė turi sukurti veikiančias prevencines priemones, kad nelegalus darbas taptų nepatrauklus darbdaviams bei darbuotojams. Pirmoje šio darbo dalyje bus mėginama apibrėžti nelegalaus darbo sąvoką Lietuvoje ir užsienio šalyse. Trumpai bus aptartos nelegalaus darbo atsiradimo priežastys ir pasekmės. Šioje dalyje bus aptarta pagrindinė problematika teismų praktikoje, bylose susijusiose su nelegaliu darbu. Paskutiniame pirmos dalies skyriuje bus trumpai išskirta talkos darbų nuo nelegalaus darbo atskyrimo problematika Lietuvos darbo teisėje. Antroje dalyje bus aptariama kokių priemonių imamasi kovojant su nelegaliu darbu. Bus aptartos įvairios prevencinės bei kontrolės priemonės Lietuvoje. Aptariama kaip su nelegaliu darbu kovoja kitos valstybės, kokių priemonių jos imasi. Palyginsime, įvairių valstybių kontrolės bei prevencijos priemones. Trečioje darbo dalyje bus analizuojama Europos Sąjungos (toliau – ES) direktyva 2009/52/EB, kuria numatomi sankcijų ir priemonių nelegaliai esančių trečiųjų šalių piliečių darbdaviams būtiniausi standartai (toliau – direktyva). Apžvelgsime, kaip Lietuva perkėlė šios direktyvos nuostatas, aptarsime teisės aktus, kuriais buvo įgyvendinta ši direktyva. Visos ES valstybės narės privalo perkelti direktyvos nuostatas, paanalizuosim kaip kelios valstybės perkėlė direktyvos nuostatas. Ketvirtojoje dalyje bus paanalizuotas informal economy (darbe bus vartojama sąvoka šešėlinė ekonomika) reiškinys. Išsiaiškinsime šio reiškinio sąvoką, priežastis ir kokias pasekmes jis sukelia. Taip pat bus nurodyti keli būdai kaip sumažinti šešėlinę ekonomiką. Kaip ir kitose dalyse bus aptariamos ir kelios užsienio valstybės.This Master Degree Paper intends to reveal and to analyse the main problems, related to regulation of illegal work in Lithuania. Illegal work is one of the most severe violations of the labour law as its negative aftermath are involving not only an employee, but also the state, so it is very important to battle this phenomenon. This Paper intends to define illegal work concept in Lithuania and abroad. However, comparing different definitions some main features, helping to define the concept, could be pointed out: a person is hired without notice to the competent institutions; it is avoided to pay taxes and social insurance premium; working without a Labour Agreement. Lithuanian court practice, related to illegal work imposes some problems. In the majority of cases the sanctions are lower, than laid down in the laws or minimum ones. The courts avoid to analyse the circumstances profoundly and the extenuating circumstances usually are considered at the low level, referring to ones, named in the Labour Code and the Administrative Code (hired a small number of employees illegally, the employees have worked shortly, the person feels sorry). This court practice could influence negatively and could seem useful for the employers. They could risk to hire illegally and to avoid a major part of taxes. Considering all circumstances the employers could gain profit by paying a sole penalty, compared to paying taxes. The courts face problem, separating assistance and illegal work. To battle the illegal work it is very important to set prevention and control tools, to develop the approach that it is not a way out in the society. Lithuanian society assesses illegal work rather positively. However, the prevention revealed good results: reduction of illegal work, the society feels risks of illegal work, etc. As the prevention and control tools are suitable, maybe it is the time to reduce reasons causing the illegal work (tax exemptions, lower social insurance, programmes for employers to return part of taxes, etc.) As the emigrant flows grow quickly, the EU should regulate the illegal work of the residents from the third countries. The EU institutions have passed the Directive 2009/52/EC for sanctions and means for employers of the illegal residents from the third countries. It imposes financial, criminal and other sanctions for the employers and to protect the rights of illegal residents from the third countries. The member states had to transfer the norms of Directive 2009/52/EC to the national system. The analysis of the mentioned fact in Lithuania has revealed that it was transferred duly with some defects: the most frequent one - unclear definition of art. 2921 of The Criminal Code, regulating the illegal work of the residents from the third countries. The definitions could hardly be found in other legal acts, some of them are too broad. The International Labour Organization names Informal economy as all economic activities, performed by the employees or economic units, without observing the state law, inc. illegal work in a public and private sector. Informal economy is related to illegal work and could be detected in well-developed countries with a high life level and a strong economy and in the developing ones, where the former is lower and the latter is strong. The main reason for increasing the informal economy is a high level of illegal immigrants work illegally in order to stay in a country. Illegal work is one of the main reasons, promoting informal economy growth. In order to battle it, an international cooperation and studying the foreign experience are necessary. A country has to try to reduce a number of illegal workers, to create more friendly conditions for employers by reducing taxes, social insurance and creating different programmes for exemptions.Teisės fakultetasVytauto Didžiojo universiteta