Does the non-regulatory surrogation violates the principles of contract freedom and human right to privacy life in Republic of Lithuania?

Surogacija yra opus politinis ir socialinis klausimas įvairiose valstybėse narėse. Teisinė aplinka valstybėse yra skirtinga: vienose valstybėse narėse surogacija yra visiškai teisėta ir konkrečiai reglamentuojama, o kitose – neteisėta arba, – nereglamentuojama. Šio darbo problema yra ta, kad nenustačius surogacijos teisinio reglamentavimo, tai galimai pažeidžia sutarčių laisvės principą ir žmogaus teisės privatų gyvenimą principą. Šiam darbui keliami tokie uždaviniai: (1) atkleisti surogacijos esmę; (2) nustatyti pagrindines priežastis, kodėl surogacija reikalinga; (3) išskirti tinkamo surogacijos reglamentavimo atvejus; (4) aptarti surogacijos probleminius aspektus; (5) išanalizuoti sutarties laisvės principo esmę ir nustatyti, ar surogacijos neįteisinimas jo nepažeidžia; (6) išanalizuoti žmogaus teisės į privatų gyvenimą principą ir nustatyti, ar surogacijos neįteisinimas jo nepažeidžia. Šio darbo tikslas yra ištirti surogacijos neįteisinimo teisėtumą sutarties laisvės ir žmogaus teisės į privatų gyvenimą principų atžvilgiu. Įgyvendinant darbo tikslą, daugiausia dėmesio buvo skiriama surogacijos reikalingumo pagrindimui, svarbiausių probleminių aspektų atskleidimui, surogacijos neįteisinimo pasekmių sutarties laisvės principo ir žmogaus teisės į privatų gyvenimą atžvilgiu tyrimui. Šis iškeltas tikslas darbe sėkmingai įgyvendintas – išanalizavus įvairią mokslinę literatūrą, teisės aktus, atlikus lyginamąją analizę ir atskleidus sutarties laisvės principo bei žmogaus teisės į privatų gyvenimą principų turinį ir ribas. Vadovaujantis įvairių autorių moksliniais straipsniais atskleista, kad surogacija yra reikalinga todėl, kad padeda spręsti nevaisingumo problemas ir dėl donorystės. Rastas tinkamo surogacijos reglamentavimo pavyzdys – JK. Taip pat surogacijoje atsiranda ir probleminiai aspektai, iš kurių reikėtų išskirti motinos ir vaisiaus ryšio pertraukimą, kylančias sutartines problemas įvairių gemalo defekto atveju, bei šeimos genealoginio medžio sujaukimą. Nustatyta, kad sutarties laisvės principas pažeidžiamas tuo atžvilgiu, kad neįteisinimas sukuria teisinį neapibrėžtumą, o žmogaus teisės į privatų gyvenimą principas nepažeidžiamas, nes EŽTT yra pasisakęs, kad minėtas principas nenumato žmogui garantuotų teisių į įvaikinimą, kuris savo ruožtu prilyginimas surogacijai kaip įvaikinimui su dar papildomais aspektais. Atlikus tyrimą, darytina išvada, jog pirmoji iškelta hipotezė, kad surogacijos neįteisinimas pažeidžia sutarties laisvės principą pasitvirtino, o antroji hipotezė, kad surogacijos neįteisinimas pažeidžia žmogaus teisės privatų gyvenimą principą nepasitvirtino.The title of this work is: Does the non-regulatory surrogacy violates the principles of contract freedom and human right to privacy life in Republic of Lithuania? The tackled problem in this work is that as the Government choose to not regulate the surrogacy contracts, the possible parties of such contracts are not sure whether the Government supports this supposed freedom to draw contracts and also parties are not sure how the Government will protect the rights of parties. And maybe the non-regulation of surrogacy limits the human right to private life principle, if the right to draw surrogacy contract is human right and the Government does not create the legal conditions to draw surrogacy contracts. The actuality of this problem is that after the birth of first surrogate baby the world has showed big interest in possibility to have a child through surrogacy. Since then the world countries showed very different approaches in surrogacy regulation. There are countries, where the surrogacy contracts are completely forbidden. There are countries, where surrogacy regulation is very liberal and commercial surrogacy is legitimate. Other countries chose to impose very strict regulation on surrogacy where surrogacy contract parties have legal surety about the outcomes of possible parties actions. And there are countries, where the surrogacy is not regulated at all, and Lithuania is one of them. The state can easily forbid surrogacy, as it can forbid other objects of contracts, but non-regulation probably has more damaging effect than some regulatory form. The world got rid of most radical forms of socialism and now the civil law, which regulates private parties affairs, is driving force in economical life. The freedom of contract principle lets you to freely draw a contract on objects which state does not forbid. For example, the prostitution, drugs etc. are illegal in Republic of Lithuania and freedom of contract principle is not violated. But when the state does not say that surrogacy is legal, the possible parties has difficulties to draw such contracts because there is no legal surety about the outcomes of possible actions. And also, the surrogacy is very private issue, so maybe the state must ensure the implementation of private parties right to choose solve their own problems. Thus, it is of fundamental importance to answer question: Does the non-regulatory surrogacy violates the principles of contract freedom and human right to privacy life in Republic of Lithuania? The object of this work – the legitimacy of surrogacy non-regulation. The following tasks were set for this works: 1. To reveal the essence of surrogacy. 2. To identify main reasons for surrogacy case. 3. To find examples of appropriate surrogacy regulation. 4. To discuss problematic aspects of surrogacy. 5. To analyze the essence of freedom contract principle and to determine, whether non-regulatory surrogacy violates this principle. 6. To analyze the essence of human right to privacy principle and to determine, whether non-regulatory surrogacy violates this principle. The objective of this work is to analyze the legitimacy of surrogacy non-regulation in regard of freedom of contract principle and human right to private life principle. As research on this questions progressed, a lot of attention were devoted to identify main reasons for surrogacy case, to find examples of appropriate surrogacy regulation, to justify the reasons of surrogacy usefulness, to discuss problematic aspects of surrogacy, to analyze the essence and limits of freedom contract principle and to analyze the essence and limits of human right to privacy principle. The objective was successfully achieved by analyzing the academic literature, various cases and legal acts, by doing comparative analysis on surrogacy regulation in foreign countries. The research showed that surrogacy is useful and possible because it can cure the infertility and because of existence of donors. The most appropriate example for good surrogacy regulation is UK regulation. Also, there were identified the main problematic aspects of surrogacy: the disruption of natural bond between surrogate mother and child, complicated relationship between surrogacy contract parties in case of some defects in child and genealogical mess. The research further showed, that non-regulatory surrogacy violated the freedom of contract principle on grounds, that surrogacy contracts parties are very limited to draw the surrogacy contracts, because there is no legal surety how the state will act to protect this freedom. Also, the researched showed, that non-regulatory surrogacy does not violate the human right to privacy life, because European Human Rights Court said, that aforementioned principle does no guarantee the right to adopt child and adoption is compared to surrogacy with some more added features. After the research, the conclusion can be made that the first hypothesis that non-regulatory surrogacy violated the principle of freedom contract is confirmed and the second hypothesis that non-regulatory surrogacy violated the principle of human right to private life is not confirmed.Vytauto Didžiojo universiteta