Whether there is an obligation for a legal entity to compensate the damage to another state when according to the force majeure circumstances the radioactive nuclear materials spread and contaminate other state's outside territorial waters and oceans?

Įvykus branduolinei katastrofai, kaip pavyzdžiui visai neseniai Japoniją sudrebinus itin stipriam žemės drebėjimui bei po to sekusiai aukštai cunamio bangai, buvo padaryta neįtikėtinai didelė žala gamtai ir aplinkai dėl stichijos nelaimių ryšiui su branduoline tarša. Didelė dalis radioaktyviųjų medžiagų pateko į jūrinę gamtos aplinką bei pasklido plačiu spektru į vandenynus. Ši nelaimė paskatino peržiūrėti ir gilintis į branduolinės taršos teisės aktus, taip pat juos tobulinti bei modifikuoti. Darbe siekiama nustatyti, ar egzistuoja pareiga juridiniam asmeniui atlyginti žalą kitai valstybei, kai dėl force majeure aplinkybių radioaktyviomis branduolinėmis medžiagomis užteršiami kitos valstybės išoriniai teritoriniai vandenys bei vandenynai. Šiuo klausimu tyrinėjami pagrindiniai tarptautiniai teisės aktai, apibrėžiantys branduolinės taršos ribas aplinkos bei jūrinėje terpėje. Tai bus Jungtinių Tautų Organizacijos Jūrų teisės konvencija, Vienos konvencija dėl civilinės atsakomybės už branduolinę žalą. Šie teisės aktais tarpusavyje lyginami bei ieškoma ar branduolinės žalos sąvoka apibrėžia ir jūrinės bei tarptautinių vandenų aplinkos branduolinę taršą, o iš to sekant ar galima kompensacija už branduolinės taršos atveju patirtus nuostolius jūrinei bei tarptautinių vandenų aplinkai. Taip pat, analizuojama žmogaus teisė į švarią aplinką tarptautinių ir nacionalinių teisės aktų prasme, lyginami atitinkami teisės aktai žmogaus teisės į švarią aplinką aspektu. Tyrinėjami įvairių branduolinių medžiagų taršos ypatumai tarptautinėje teisėje, išaiškinamos pagrindiniai organizacijos bei, tarptautiniai teisės aktai įtvirtinantys aplinkos teršimo teisinį reguliavimą. Pagrinde dėmesys kreiptinas į radioaktyviųjų medžiagų plitimą globaliu mastu. Taip pat, šioje srityje nagrinėjamas teisinis reguliavimas branduolinių medžiagų disponavimo atžvilgiu. Aptariamos šio reguliavimo ribos ir rėmai, tyrinėjama tarptautinės viešosios teisės galimumas išeiti iš branduolinių medžiagų teisinio reguliavimo ribų. Darbe be abejo analizuojamas žalos atlyginimo institutas tarptautinėje viešojoje teisėje, o kadangi objektas yra ganėtinai platus, apsiribojama tyrinėti konkrečiai tik valstybių patirtos žalos dėl įvairaus branduolinio užterštumo teisinį reguliavimą. Prie to paties, nagrinėjama valstybės teisė į žalos atlyginimą dėl branduolinės taršos nuostolių. Šiuo atveju analizuojami civilinės atsakomybės ypatumai tarptautinėje teisėje.Recently, the number of cases is rising because of the various hazardous materials contamination around the nature. Most often this occurs because of unexpected natural disasters. For example, due to a strong earthquake that triggered the tsunami, a huge disaster in Japan occurred (Fukushima nuclear power plant case). At that time, a large part of radioactive nuclear materials spread in the open ocean and this breakthrough that is widespread even now still cannot be stopped. It applies not only to the pollution of the ocean, but to all other different countries within outside territorial waters. The question is: Are the affected State has the right to compensation in this case? Then who should pay for damages? What is the legal regulation for such situations? International environmental law is mainly expressed in treaties and other international legal instruments, but it cannot be applied for the marine pollution with nuclear materials because there is no legal regulation in this field. Hereinafter, the problem of deficiency of legal regulation will be examined specifically in the area of oceans, sea borders, and territorial waters pollution by radioactive materials. And finally, there will be explored the issues to whether there is an obligation for a legal entity to compensate the damage to another state when according to the force majeure circumstances the radioactive nuclear materials spread and contaminate other state's outside territorial waters and ocean? The main goal of this thesis is to determine whether there is an obligation of a legal person to compensate the damages to another state within force majeure conditions radioactive nuclear materials contaminate other states outside territorial waters and the seas. Main tasks: First, analysis of the human right to a clean environment in international law, and also nuclear pollution consequences; Then there is, revelation of nuclear pollution features of international law, while reviewing the disposition of nuclear material aspects in the international and national levels; Thirdly, analysis of the relation of nuclear damage and pollution of the marine environment concepts; Fourthly, examination of civil liability in Public International Law; Fifthly, clearing out the responsible person in the event of contamination of territorial waters and oceans. The main hypothesis - there is no obligation for a legal entity to compensate the damage to another state when according to the force majeure circumstances the radioactive nuclear materials spread and contaminate other state's outside territorial waters and ocean. The human right to a clean environment in international and national laws in the analysis showed that according to the national level - the Lithuanian Constitution in Article 53, establishes environmental and public security for human health conditions and herein is determined by a person's right to breathe clean and fresh air, use uncontaminated natural resources. When examining the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, during 1972 United Nations conference held and various sources of scientific publications that are reasonably arguing that the right to a clean environment needs to be fully legally regulated for living a healthy life and a being in a healthy environment of necessity, because the occurrence of nuclear pollution is in danger to human health, their well-being in a contaminated environment. Herein will be also analyzed the specific features of the disposition of nuclear materials in international law, it became clear that each country determines its own legal regulation related to radioactive materials of their national legislation and hereinafter international law for the same problem is based on the relation with other countries and international cooperation in law infringement. It was found that the IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) is the world's center of cooperation in the field of nuclear energy and its possession taken major legislation. It was found that the main issues dealing with marine pollution legislation are adopted by the United Nations Convention of the Law of The Sea. There is a lot of issues about environment and its conservation defined in this Convention, but it does not specify the marine radioactive pollution. According to the marine environment and radioactive pollutions concepts observed, there has been shown that the concept of nuclear marine pollution does not apply anywhere. Under the Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage, the concept of nuclear damage is defined better, it is obvious that only the direct damage to human life and property is being stated here. What is more, the question of civil liability associated with environmental pollution losses is still a problem due to the lack of a legal regulation in this field. In 1963 . Vienna Convention establishes an absolute liability of the operator for nuclear damage, but if the exemptions in this case like force majeure, civil liability does not apply to nuclear contamination of the operator. In the view of the land-based sources, the Convention of the Law of The Sea requires to establish pollution prevention measures including the internationally approved rules, standards and recommended practices and procedures. It was found in Vienna Convention that the operator shall not be liable for nuclear damage caused by a nuclear incident, except when the States, who is responsible for damage, laws may provide the contrary prediction - the operator shall not be liable for nuclear damage caused by a nuclear incident directly due to severe natural disasters. \"Operator\", in relation to a nuclear installation, means the person designated or recognized by the Installation State as the operator of that installation. Hence, the force majeure conditions resulting in nuclear contamination do not require a legal entity to compensate the losses and damages to another state.Vytauto Didžiojo universiteta