National audienceThe double dividend literature studies the simultaneous pursuit of two objectives - improving the quality of the environment through the introduction or enhancement of an environmental tax (first dividend) and increased social welfare by reducing distortions induced by the whole the tax system (second dividend). By investigating the conditions that would reconcile the double dividend with some social equity criteria, this work goes beyond the usual results of the literature in which the second dividend is to be achieved at the expense of a group of agents who should bear the main part of the tax burden. The reform should achieve three goals: environmental quality, economic efficiency (ie the macroeconomic gains) and the Par...