Rip it up and start again: The Problem of Populism in the Twenty-First Century

Abstract This article examines contemporary populist movements along an axis rarely explored in world-systems analysis: as either libertarian or authoritarian social movements. Rather than representing a fundamental break with traditional notions of left and right-wing politics, this article argues that these populist movements are a re-imagining of older political debates, which framed the conflict between the Enlightenment and its opponents – in short, between the search for a universal and just social order – as opposed to a defence of forms of cultural nationalism