Human papilloma virus and vaccination

Humani papiloma virus (HPV) prisutan je u svim dobnim skupinama ljudi i općenito je dosta rasprostranjen u populaciji. Virus se prenosi direktnim kontaktom sa zaražene osobe i nositelja putem kože ili sluznice. Poznato je da se manifestacije zaraze virusom ne javljaju kod svih ljudi i da su one različitog intenziteta. Među najrizičnijim faktorima za nastanak HPV infekcije istaknuti su rani spolni odnosi u adolescenciji, prakticiranje seksualnih odnosa s više partnera ili odnos s partnerom koji je promiskuitetnog ponašanja. Manifestacijama infekcije doprinosi opće zdravstveno stanje osobe i snaga imunološkog sustava. Utvrđeno je da HPV u muškaraca i žena može izazvati ozbiljne zdravstvene probleme, ali se ipak u populaciji muškaraca oni javljaju rjeđe. Infekcija humanim papiloma virusom pojačava rizik za nastanak dobroćudnih i malignih oboljenja na koži, sluznicama i anogenitalnoj regiji na kojoj izazivaju po život opasne komplikacije poput karcinoma vrata maternice i penisa. Javnozdravstveni napori usmjereni su prevenciji nastanka i širenja HPV infekcija među populacijom kroz djelovanje u školskom okruženju na ciljanu skupinu adolescenata, edukaciju i informiranje roditelja, procjepljivanje i promicanje redovitih ginekoloških pregleda žena i korištenje sredstava zaštite za vrijeme spolnog odnosa. Unatoč propagandi i donesenim nacionalnim preporukama za besplatno cijepljenje protiv HPV infekcije, odaziv je na svjetskoj razini ispod očekivanja, a dostupna literatura kauzalnosti otpora prema cijepljenju ukazuje na vodeću ulogu straha od nuspojava i manjka informacija o dobrobiti cjepiva i povezanosti infekcije s promjenom zdravstvenog stanja. Medicinska znanost prepoznajući mehanizme djelovanja i širenja HPV-a razvija nova cjepiva, a koja bi osim profilaktičkog imala i terapijsko djelovanje.Human papilloma virus (HPV) is prevalent in all age groups and is widespread in the general population.Virus is transmitted by a direct contact of the infected and a carrier via skin or mucous tissue.It is known that the manifestations of the infection do not appear in all cases and they can vary in their intensity.The highest risk factors of the HPV infection include early age of first sexual intercourse,sexual intercourses with multiple partners and sexual intercourses with a promiscuous partner. One`s general health and the strength of one`s immunological system contribute to the manifestation of the infection.HPV is confirmed to cause serious health problems in both men and women but they appear less frequently in men. Infection increases the risk of the appearance of benign and malignant diseases of the skin,mucous tissue and anogenital region where they can cause life-threatening complication such as cervical and penis cancer. The efforts of the public health services are aimed at the prevention of the appearance and spreading of the HPV infection in the population by its control in the school environment among the adolescents, by informing and educating the parents, by vaccination and promoting regular gynecological check-ups of women as well as by using contraception during sexual intercourse. Despite the propaganda and national recommendations for free vaccination against HPV infection, the response on the global level is below expectations and the available literature on the causality of the opposition against vaccination,shows the leading role of fear of side effects and the lack of information about the benefits of vaccination and the connection of the infection and the change in one`s health status. The medical science is,while recognizing the mechanisms of activity and spreading of HPV, developing new vaccines,which would work both prophylactically and therapeutically effect