The effect of Problem-Based Hybrid Learning (PBHL) models on spatial thinking ability and geography learning outcomes

PBHL is a learning model that combines PBL with hybrid learning. This study aims to 1) determine the effect of the PBHL model on spatial thinking ability and 2) determine the effect of the PBHL model on geography learning outcomes. This study uses a quasi-experimental design of the pretest-posttest control group. The research subjects were students of the Social Sciences Education Program, Uni-versitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang, Indonesia. The selection of research subjects uses purposive sampling and obtained the experimental class (32 students) and the control class (28 students). This study uses the instrument of spatial thinking ability adopted from Huynh and Sharpe in the form of multiple choice tests and the instrument of learning outcomes assessment in the form of essay tests. Data were analyzed with an independent sample t-test which was previously tested for normality and homogeneity prerequisites. The results of the study concluded that 1) the PBHL model had a significant effect on spatial think-ing ability and 2) the PBHL model had a significant effect on geography learning outcomes. The average gain score of spatial thinking ability and geography learn-ing outcomes in the experimental class is higher than the control class. Sugges-tions for further research with different subjects and variables, integrated e-learning application should be used to make the planning and implementation of PBHL learning easier and more successful