Structural Studies of Glutamine Synthetases – Towards the Development of Novel Antitubercular Agents

Glutamine synthetase (GS) plays an important role in nitrogen metabolism, where it catalyzes the ATP-dependent condensation of glutamate and ammonia to yield glutamine. Recent studies showed the importance of M. tuberculosis GS (MtGS) for growth and survival of the bacterium, and demonstrated its potential as a drug target. This thesis presents structural studies of MtGS and mammalian GSs, which are aimed at identifying and developing novel inhibitors against the mycobacterial target. The structure of MtGS was solved in complex with a phosphorylated form of the inhibitor methionine sulfoximine, magnesium and ADP. The complex structure provides a detailed picture of the active site, offering several insights into catalysis and inhibition, as well as forming a solid basis for structure-based drug design. The apo canine GS and liganded human GS structures described in this thesis represent the first structures of the mammalian enzymes. Comparison of the structures revealed substrate-induced conformational changes. Inspection of the nucleotide-binding site showed that it differs from that of MtGS, thus offering good opportunities to design specific and selective inhibitors of the mycobacterial enzyme. The amino acid-binding site of MtGS was evaluated as a target for inhibition, using a combination of a literature survey, structure-based virtual screening and the synthesis of a small library of compounds. As a result, several new inhibitors of MtGS could be identified. Finally, the structural basis for inhibition of MtGS by a purine analogue (PA) is provided. PA, an analogue of a class of compounds found to inhibit MtGS in a high-throughput screening assay, targets the nucleotide-binding site. The architecture of the HsGS nucleotide-binding site indicates that PA would not be able to bind to the human enzyme, offering good prospects for selective inhibition of MtGS