Heart failure. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management of heart failure in diabetes mellitus

KEY POINTS - Heart failure is a common comorbidity in diabetes and patients with both conditions have a particularly poor prognosis. - Most clinical outcome trials investigating the effects of glucose-lowering agents have excluded patients with heart failure. - Glitazones and, possibly, some dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, cause an increased risk of developing heart failure and deterioration in existing heart failure. - One class of drugs, the sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, reduce the risk of developing heart failure