The case for renewed human exploration of the Moon

Abstract. A human return to the Moon will be a boon to science. On the Moon, we can learn about the geological processes that have shaped all of the terrestrial planets by studying the well-preserved record of the Moon. The Moon is a superb platform for the observation of the universe and sensitive instruments designed to take advantage of its unique environment will allow us to see more of the universe more clearly. Both of these objectives require the guiding presence of human intelligence, flexibility, decision-making, and adaptation. Human field work is required to solve many scientific problems. Experience has shown that human installation and maintenance of complex equipment in space is often required. No one has yet built a robot that duplicates or comes close to human judgement and flexibility. Beyond the sheer adventure of human spaceflight, people are needed to carry out the complex, second-generation scientific exploration of the planets