CJ: Snake bite in Australia: first aid and envenomation management. Accid Emerg Nurs

Australia is inhabited by a large variety of snakes, including some of the most poisonous in the world. Sightings are regular, and the incidence of snake bite is estimated to be several thousand a year. A bite does not necessarily result in envenomation occurring, however there are at least 300 snakebites a year requiring treatment of envenomation, with between 1 and 4 fatalities every year. The incidence of fatalities from snake bite has increased over recent years. The explanation for this is unclear, but possible reasons include the urban sprawl, and a delay in application of appropriate first aid and definitive treatment for envenomation. Emergency nurses in particular should be aware of the first aid techniques appropriate for Australian snake bite, as well as the recognition and management of envenomation. This article will outline the steps required and rationale for applying first aid techniques considered to be effective in retarding spread and circulation of snake venom. It will also discuss the manifestations that indicate systemic envenomation, and management considered to be responsible for reducing the incidence of death from snake envenomation in Australia. Snakebite season in Australia Australia's climate and proximity of national parks to major metropolitan areas provides opportunity for a range of outdoor activities. There is also an extensive rural population involved in agricultural and farming activities outside the metropolitan areas. Australians have a reputation for enjoying our extensive beaches, surf, mountains, rivers, and bush as part of their normal work and recreational activities. These opportunities are heavily promoted in local and overseas travel and holiday advertising. As a result, many Australian residents and visitors do take advantage and enjoy the opportunities whenever possible. However the outdoor life is shared with a variety of creatures with the potential for harm. These include spiders, such as the funnel web spider, a variety of marine creatures, and snakes. This article will focus on the first aid and emergency management of snakebite and snake envenomation in the Australian environment. Snakebite in Australia Australia is inhabited by a large variety of snakes, many of which are amongst the most poisonous in the world. Snake activity is minimal during the cooler winter months, but as summer advances, and warm weather appears, people start to move their activities to the outdoors, and so do the snakes. Snakes are not confined to the rural areas of Australia. Snakes are regularly sighte