Three-Dimensional Kinematic Modelling of the Human Shoulder Complex-Part II: Mathematical Modelling and Solution Via Optimization

In this paper, individual joint sinus cones associated with the sternoclavicular, claviscapular, and glenohumeral joints of the three-dimensional kinematic model introduced in Introduction In multi-segmented mathematical models of the human body as well as in the design of anthropometric dummies, one area of particular concern is the proper biomechanical description and simulation of major articulating joints. Among these joints, the most complicated and the least successfully modelled one has been the shoulder complex, mainly due to the lack of appropriate biomechanical data base as well as the anatomical complexity of the shoulder region. As is stated in the accompanying article (Engin and Turner, 1989), a statistical in-vivo data base for the shoulder complex sinus of male population of ages 18-32 has already been established The primary contribution of such a comprehensive shoulder model is in the arena of the multi-segmented total-humanbody mathematical models, and in the proper design of the human surragates. Therefore, the model should possess capabilities for easy incorporation into existing mathematical models and it should also provide guidelines in the design aspects of anthropometric dummies. A realistically developed shoulder complex model can be also utilized on the studie