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The objective of this research was to ascertain some of the present challenges and critical issues in Industrial and Organisational Psychology (I/O Psychology) in South Africa, in order to determine the immediate and long term foci for researchers. Firstly, the work context in which employees and employers -as the clients of I/O Psychology -are currently functioning, is analysed. Secondly, the identity of I/O Psychology is discussed. Thirdly, the tasks of the I/O psychologist are discussed, with specific reference to implications for research. Lastly, some recommendations for possible future research are formulated. THE CHANGED CONTEXT OF WORK Over the last few decades the occupational arena has undergone remarkable changes. Among these changes are the increased utilisation of information and communication technology, the rapid expansion of the service sector, the globalisation of the economy, the changing structure of the workforce, the increasing flexibility in the world of work, the creation of the 24-hour economy, and the utilisation of new production concepts (e.g. team-based work, tele-work, downsizing, outsourcing and subcontracting) Another factor impacting on the world of work is the pervasiveness and urgency of change. Advances in technology lead to the speeding up of the world of work. Speed and flexibility of response form an important basis for a competitive advantage Many organisations have implemented practices that attempt to reduce costs and increase productivity, which often leads to a mentality that favours profitability over the welfare of people Diversity in the workforce is increasing with a less dominant role for the male breadwinner and a growing interest in worklife balance. This is important, especially considering the efforts of organisations to attract and attain high quality employees. IDENTITY OF INDUSTRIAL/ORGANISATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY The above ever changing world of work and its demands imply increased anxiety in all work systems In 2001, the South African Journal of Industrial Psychology contributed a special edition to review I/O psychology as profession and discipline, its challenges and responses. The general impression created in this edition was that the profession has developed quite substantially in the realm of bringing about (and facilitating) the needed change in organisations, specifically in medium (group/team) and large (organisational) systems Referring to its roots, I/O psychology is defined as an applied division of psychology concerned with the study of human behaviour related to work, organisations and productivity S ROTHMANN ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine a set of problems and critical issues that researchers in Industrial and Organisational Psychology deem to be important areas for immediate and future enquiry. The changing identity of this field of application is investigated, more relevant paradigms in the study of organisational health and wellness is explored and methods, techniques and interventions suitable to the South African context are suggested. Conclusions are formulated to increase the ability of organisations to work towards economic development, while promoting the wellness and quality of life of employees