Fast training of multi-class support vector machines.

Abstract We present new decomposition algorithms for training multi-class support vector machines (SVMs), in particular the variants proposed by Lee, Lin, & Wahba (LLW) and Weston & Watkins (WW). Although these two types of machines have desirable theoretical properties, they have been rarely used in practice because efficient training algorithms have been missing. Training is accelerated by considering hypotheses without bias, by second order working set selection, and by using working sets of size two instead of applying sequential minimal optimization (SMO). We derive a new bound for the generalization performance of multi-class SVMs. The bound depends on the sum of target margin violations, which corresponds to the loss function employed in the WW machine. The improved training scheme allows us to perform a thorough empirical comparison of the Crammer & Singer (CS), the WW, and the LLW machine. In our experiments, all machines gave better generalization results than the baseline one-vs-all approach. The two-variable decomposition algorithm outperformed SMO. The LLW SVM performed best in terms of accuracy, at the cost of slower training. The WW SVM led to better generalizing hypotheses compared to the CS machine and did not require longer training times. Thus, we see no reason to prefer the CS variant over the WW SVM