Phytoliths as quantitative indicators for the reconstruction of past environmental conditions in China I: phytolith-based transfer function.

Abstract Quantitative reconstruction of the climatic history of the Chinese Loess Plateau is important for understanding present and past environment and climate changes in the Northern Hemisphere. Here, we reconstructed mean annual temperature (MAT) and mean annual precipitation (MAP) trends during the last 136 ka based on the analysis of phytoliths from the Weinan loess section (34124 0 N, 109130 0 E) near the southern part of the Loess Plateau in northern China. The reconstructions have been carried out using a Chinese phytolith-climate calibration model based on weighted averaging partial least-squares regression. A series of cold and dry events, as indicated by the reconstructed MAT and MAP, are documented in the loess during the last glacial periods, which can be temporally correlated with the North Atlantic Heinrich events. Our MAT and MAP estimations show that the coldest and/or driest period occurred at the upper part of L2 unit (Late MIS 6), where MAT dropped to ca 4.4 1C and MAP to ca 100 mm. Two other prominent cold-dry periods occurred at lower Ll-5 (ca 77-62 ka) and L1-1 (ca 23-10.5 ka) where the MAT and MAP decreased to about 6.1-6.5 1C and 150-370 mm, respectively, ca 6.6-6.2 1C and 400-200 mm lower than today. However, the highest MAT (average 14.6 1C, max. 18.1 1C) and MAP (average 757 mm, max. 1000 mm) occurred at Sl interval (MIS 5). During the interstadial of L1-4-L1-2 (MIS 3) and during the Holocene warm-wet period, the MAT was about 1-2 1C and MAP 100-150 mm higher than today in the Weinan region. The well-dated MAT and MAP reconstructions from the Chinese Loess Plateau presented in this paper are the first quantitatively reconstructed proxy record of climatic changes at the glacial-interglacial timescale that is based on phytolith data. This study also reveals a causal link between climatic instability in the Atlantic Ocean and climate variability in the Chinese Loess Plateau.