Quantized Hall conductance as a topological invariant

Whenever the Fermi level lies in a gap (or mobility gap) the bulk Hall conductance can be expressed in a topologically invariant form showing the quantization explicitly. The new formulation generalizes the earlier result by Thouless, Kohmoto, Nightingale, and den Nijs to the situation where many-body interaction and substrate disorder are also present. When applying to the fractional quantized Hall effect, we draw the conclusion that there must be a symmetry breaking in the many-body ground state. The possibility of writing the fractionally quantized Hall conductance as a topological invariant is also discussed