Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Is it Time to Reappraise the Role of Sugar Consumption?

Abstract : Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (A DHD) affects nearl y 100,{, of children in the United States, and the prevalenc.e of this disorder has increased steadily over the past decades. The cause ofA DHD is unknown, although recent studies suggest that it may be associated with a dismplion in dopamine signal ing whereby dopamine D 2 receptors are reduced in reward-re lated brain regions. This same pattem of reduced dopamine-mediated signaling is observed in various reward-deficiency syndromes associated with food or drug addiction , as well as in obesity. While genetic mechanisms are likely contrib utory to cases of ADHD, the marked frequency of the disorder suggests that ol her factors are involved in the etiology. ln thi s artic le, we revisit the hypothesis tllat excessive sugar intake may have an underlying role in ADHD. We review preclinical and clinical data suggesting overlaps among ADHD. sugar and drug addiclion, and obesity. Further, we present the hypoU1esis that the chronic effects of excessive sugar intake may lead to alterations in mesoli mbic dopamine signa ling, which could contribute to I he symptoms associated with ADHD . We recommend further studies to investigate the possible relationship between chronic sugar intake and ADHD