Predictive validity and early predictors of peer-victimization trajectories in preschool

Context: From the time of school entry, chronic levels of victimization by one's peers predict a multitude of psychiatric and physical health problems. However, developmental trajectories of peer victimization, from the time children first begin to socially interact, are not currently known nor are early familial or child predictors. Objectives: To describe preschool trajectories of peer victimization, assess continuity of preschool victimization after school entry, and examine early child-and familylevel predictors of preschool trajectories of victimization. Design: A longitudinal, large-scale, multipleinformant, population-based study. Setting: Québec Longitudinal Study of Child Development. Participants: One thousand nine hundred seventy children (51% boys). Main Outcome Measures: Developmental trajectories were described using mothers' reports of peer victimization at 4 times from 3 1 ⁄3 to 6 1 ⁄6 years of age. In first grade (mean age, 7.2 years), teacher and child reports of peer victimization were collected. Family-level predictors, mostly at age 17 months, included measurements of family adversity (insufficient income [when the infant was aged 5 months], single-parent family, low education, or teenaged mother) and harsh, reactive parenting. Child-level predictors at age 17 months were the mother's ratings of physical aggression, hyperactivity, and emotional problems. Results: Three preschool trajectories of peer victimization were identified (low/increasing, moderate/ increasing, and high/chronic). In first grade, children following high/chronic and moderate/increasing preschool trajectories were highest in teacher-and child-rated peer victimization. High levels of harsh, reactive parenting predicted high/chronic peer victimization over and above other child-and family-level variables. Insufficient parent income and child physical aggression predicted the high/ chronic and moderate/increasing peer-victimization trajectories. Conclusions: Early childhood preventive interventions should target parenting skills and child behaviors, particularly within families with insufficient income. Together, these risks confer a heightened likelihood for continued peer victimization as rated by mothers, teachers, and the children themselves