Optimized implementation of cardiac resynchronization therapy: a call for action for referral and optimization of care

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is one of the most effective therapies for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and leads to improved quality of life, reductions in heart failure hospitalization rates and reduces all-cause mortality. Nevertheless, up to two-thirds of eligible patients are not referred for CRT. Furthermore, post implantation follow-up is often fragmented and suboptimal, hampering the potential maximal treatment effect. This joint position statement from three ESC Associations, HFA, EHRA and EACVI focuses on optimized implementation of CRT. We offer theoretical and practical strategies to achieve more comprehensive CRT referral and post-procedural care by focusing on four actionable domains; (I) overcoming CRT under-utilization, (II) better understanding of pre-implant characteristics, (III) abandoning the term 'non-response' and replacing this by the concept of disease modification, and (IV) implementing a dedicated post-implant CRT care pathway