A review on dietary and non-dietary risk factors associated with gastrointestinal cancer

ntroductionCancer is a complex disease involving neoplasmof abnormal cells leading to development of tumor cells. Genemutations result in aberrant gene expression, which is themajor cause observed in all the cancers. The GLOBOCAN2012 reported the highest age-standardized rates for cancerof the colorectum followed by stomach, liver, and esophagus,which are gastrointestinal cancers, and the new cases alsofollowed the same order across the globe. Various risk factorsare associated with different types of cancer which can beclassified as dietary and non-dietary risk factors. The dietaryrisk factors include diet, alcohol, and nutrient deficiencies,whereas the non-dietary risk factors of cancers are tobacco,lifestyle choices, certain infections, occupational exposures,and environmental factors.PurposeThe aim of this review is to focus on the dietary andnon-dietary risk factors linked to gastrointestinal cancers,which could be beneficial in clinical decision-makin