Swarming-based cyber defence under the framework of collective security

In the digital age, contemporary international security has dramatically changed and continues to rapidly evolve. These new security dynamics after the Cold War have caused a marked change in global power structures. Modern information and communication technologies have emboldened non-state actors (corporations, groups and individuals) with the ability to project strategic global power like never before. The power shifts have caused certain states to vow to assert physical force in response to the perceived threat. The polarising nature of this potential solution has stimulated international debate. Therefore, this article proposes a possible solution that should be further developed. The main argument is that to reduce the threat from cyberspace, states could apply swarming-based cyber defence built under the framework of collective security. Modelled on the United States’ current cyber security strategy and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization’s concrete efforts to strengthen collective responses, the article describes the challenges provided in the digital age and justifies the importance of adopting relevant approaches. Finally, the article explores how swarming-based cyber defence could serve as a viable solution under the existing concept of collective security in the international arena