Industrial symbiosis and eco-industrial networks

A key point in progressing towards a sustainable society is fi nding means to reduce the environmental load of industrial activities. For this, we need the reorganization of industries. The Zero emissions concept is a shift from the traditional industrial model to integrated system in which everything has its use. This concept envisions all industrial inputs being used in fi nal products or converted into valueadded inputs for other industries or processes. In this way,\ud industries are reorganized into eco-industrial networks such that industry’s wastes or by-products are fully matched with the input requirements of another industry and the integrated whole system produces no waste. This linking of industry is called industrial symbioses. Industrial symbiosis, as part of the emerging fi eld of industrial ecology, demands resolute attention to the fl ow of material and energy through local and regional economies