Strategi pengembangan daya saing industri asam lemak dan alkohol lemak berbasis minyak kelapa sawit di indonesia

Indonesia is the largest CPO (Crude Palm Oil) and CPKO (Crude Palm Kernel Oil) producer in the world. Indonesia has been producing around 40 palm oil-based products, while Malaysia has been producing more than 100 palm oil-based products. Indonesia exports more CPO and CPKO whereas Malaysia mainly exports derivative products of CPO and CPKO (including oleochemicals). Oleochemicals are chemicals derived from natural oils or fats (from plants or animals). Basic oleochemicals consist of fatty acids, fatty alcohols, methyl esters, fatty amines, and glycerol. Raw materials being used in the production of oleochemicals are tallow, stearin (derivative products of CPO), and lauric oil (CPKO and coconut oil). This study focuses on Indonesian palm oil-based fatty acid and fatty alcohol industry since Indonesia is the largest CPO and CPKO producer in the world, fatty acids and fatty alcohols are the most important basic oleochemicals in term of production and consumption, both are the most widely used oleochemicals, and fatty alcohols can be produced from fatty acids (called fatty acid route) so that both is better studied together even though their applications and markets are different. The aim of this study is to identify and examine factors affecting the performance of Indonesian palm oil-based fatty acid and fatty alcohol industry and to develop a competitiveness model of the industry based on Industrial Organization (IO) theory, especially the Porter Diamond concept. The aim of this study is also to determine priority management of the industry based on gap analysis between the current and ideal (future) conditions of the industry, using competitiveness framework being developed by International Institute for Management Development (IMD) and World Economic Forum (WEF). The aim of this study is also to identify, analyze, and sythesize main problems in developing the competitiveness of the industry, using competitiveness framework being developed by IMD and WEF, and analytic network process (ANP) method. The final aim of this study is to analyze best strategy in developing the competitiveness of the industry, using ANP-BOCR (Benefits, Opportunities, Costs, Risks) method. This study used literature review, descriptive analysis, in-depth interview, and questionnaire (based on Likert scale of 1–9) methods to gather opinions from the experts and/or practitioners (15 persons) on the current and ideal (future) conditions of the industry. The experts and/or practitioners were selected by purposive sampling method from the supply chain of Indonesian palm oil-based fatty acid and fatty alcohol industry. Questionnaires were developed by using competitiveness framework being developed by IMD and WEF, and ANP method. The non-parametric Mann-Whitney test was used to assess the differences between both conditions. The results of this study show that according to the competitiveness model of Indonesian palm oil-based fatty acid and fatty alcohol industry, there are some sub-factors whose status of ‘good’ and the other sub-factors are still at ‘poor’ status. The ‘poor’ sub-factors apparently are weaknesses and must be improved as soon as possible. The results of this study also show that the biggest gap between the current and ideal (future) conditions of the industry, using IMD competitiveness framework is government efficiency while the smallest gap is business efficiency. The results of this study also show that the gap for total factors using IMD competitiveness framework is 27.84%. It means that the current condition of the industry on the way towards a highly competitive industry in the ideal condition in the future is only 72%. The results of this study show that the biggest gap between the current and ideal (future) conditions of Indonesian palm oil-based fatty acid and fatty alcohol industry, using WEF competitiveness framework is basic requirements while the smallest gap is efficiency enhancers. The results of this study also show that the gap for total factors using WEF competitiveness framework is about 28.07%. It means that the current condition of the industry on the way towards a highly competitive industry in the ideal condition in the future is only 72%. Sythesis of main problems in developing the competitiveness of the industry, using competitiveness framework being developed by IMD and WEF, and ANP method, resulted in five strategy alternatives. The five strategy alternatives are synchronization of related regulations and improvement in the level of implementation; improvement and expansion of basic and information, communication, and technology (ICT) infrastructures; continuity and quality improvement of utility supplies; improvement in research and development activities; and development of fatty acid and fatty alcohol industrial clusters. The highest ANP-BOCR priority in choosing the best strategy alternative based on opinions of the experts and/or practitioners is benefits, whereas the lowest ANP-BOCR priority is risks. The best strategy alternative according to four scenarios in ANP-BOCR are synchronization of related regulations and improvement in the level of implementation for standard scenario; continuity and quality improvement of utility supplies for optimistic scenario; improvement and expansion of basic and ICT infrastructures for realistic scenario; and synchronization of related regulations and improvement in the level of implementation for pessimistic scenario. The lowest strategy alternative being choosen by the experts and/or practitioners is same for the four scenarios, namely improvement in research and development activities. Two out of four scenarios based on ANP-BOCR method resulted in the same best strategy alternative, namely synchronization of related regulations and improvement in the level of implementation. Indonesian government needs to list out and re-evaluate all existing regulations in relation to Indonesian palm oil-based fatty acid and fatty alcohol industry. Next, Indonesian government needs to ensure synchronization among the regulations and improve implementation level of the regulations. There is no use to have good regulations without consistency in implementation