Assessing the Sustainability of the Indonesian Halal Beef Supply Chain

Assessing the halal beef chain's sustainability is crucial for the achievement of sustainable development goals in Indonesia. This study evaluates the economic, environmental, and social impact of the Indonesian halal beef supply chain. The economic indicator shows that cattle farmers incurred the highest costs, but earn a lower profit than the beef retailers. Cattle farmers produce higher carbon emissions and use more freshwater than other actors. However, cattle farmers contributed most significantly to hiring employees along the Indonesian halal beef supply chain. These indicate a gap between actors that impact the fragile sustainability of the supply chain