A bi-level approach to distribution network and renewable energy expansion planning considering demand response

This paper presents a bi-level model for distribution network and renewable energy expansion planning under a demand response (DR) framework. The role of DR has recently attracted an increasing interest in power systems. However, previous models have not been completely adapted in order to treat DR on an equal footing. The target of the distribution network and generation planner, modeled through the upper-level problem, is to minimize generation and network investment cost while meeting the demand. This upper-level problem is constrained by the lower-level problem, stressing the importance of integrating DR to time-varying prices into those investment models. The objective function considered for the lower level is the minimization of overall payment faced by the consumers. Using the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker complementarity constraints, the proposed bi-level model is recast as a mixed-integer linear programming problem, which is solvable using efficient off-the-shelf branch-and-cut solvers. Detailed results from an insular case study (La Graciosa, Canary Islands, Spain) are presented