Micromechanic modeling and analysis of unsteady-state granular flow in a cylindrical hopper

This paper presents a numerical study of the micro- and macro-dynamic behavior of the unsteady-state granular flow in a cylindrical hopper with flat bottom by means of a modified discrete-element method (DEM) and an averaging method. The results show that the trends of the distributions of the microscopic properties such as the velocity and forces, and the macroscopic properties such as the velocity, mass density, stress and couple stress of the unsteady-state hopper flow are similar to those of steady-state hopper flow, and do not change much with the discharge of particles. However, the magnitudes of the macroscopic properties in different regions have different rates of variation. In particular, the magnitudes of the two normal stresses vary little with time in the orifice region, but decrease in other regions. The magnitude of the shear stress decreases with time when far from the bottom wall and central axis of the hopper. The results also indicate that DEM can capture the key features of the granular flow, and facilitated with a proper averaging method, can also generate information helpful to the test and development of an appropriate continuum model for granular flow