Computational evaluation of smoothed particle hydrodynamics for implementing blood flow modelling through CT reconstructed arteries

Simulation of blood flow in a stenosed artery using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) is a new research field, which is a particle-based method and different from the traditional continuum modelling technique such as Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Both techniques harness parallel computing to process hemodynamics of cardiovascular structures. The objective of this study is to develop and test a new robust method for comparison of arterial flow velocity contours by SPH with the well-established CFD technique, and the implementation of SPH in computed tomography (CT) reconstructed arteries. The new method was developed based on three-dimensional (3D) straight and curved arterial models of millimeter range with a 25% stenosis in the middle section. In this study, we employed 1,000 to 13,000 particles to study how the number of particles influences SPH versus CFD deviation for blood-flow velocity distribution. Because further increasing the particle density has a diminishing effect on this deviation, we have determined a critical particle density of 1.45 particles/mm2 based on Reynolds number (Re = 200) at the inlet for an arterial flow simulation. Using this critical value of particle density can avoid unnecessarily big computational expenses that have no further effect on simulation accuracy. We have particularly shown that the SPH method has a big potential to be used in the virtual surgery system, such as to simulate the interaction between blood flow and the CT reconstructed vessels, especially those with stenosis or plaque when encountering vasculopathy, and for employing the simulation results output in clinical surgical procedures