Gonadal hormones differentially regulate sex-specific stress effects on glia in the medial prefrontal cortex

Women are more susceptible to various stress‐linked psychopathologies, including depression. Dysfunction of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has been implicated in depression, and studies indicate sex differences in stress effects on mPFC structure and function. For example, chronic stress induces dendritic atrophy in the mPFC in male rats, yet dendritic growth in females. Recent findings suggest glial pathways toward depression. Glia are highly responsive to neuronal activity and function as critical regulators of synaptic plasticity. Preclinical models demonstrate stress‐induced microglial activation in mPFC in males, yet deactivation in females. By contrast, stress reduces astrocyte complexity in mPFC in male rats, whereas the effects in females are unknown. Glia possess receptors for most gonadal hormones and gonadal hormones are known to modulate neuronal activity. Thus, gonadal hormones represent a potential mechanism underlying sex differences in glia, as well as divergent stress effects. Therefore, we examined the role of gonadal hormones in sex‐specific stress effects on neuronal activity (ie FosB/ ΔFosB induction) and glia in the mPFC. The findings obtained indicate greater microglial activation in mPFC in females and a greater astrocyte area in males. Basal astrocyte morphology is modulated by androgens, whereas androgens or oestrogens dampen the microglial state in males. Astrocyte morphology is associated with neuronal activity in both sexes, regardless of hormonal condition. Chronic stress induced astrocytic atrophy in males, yet hypertrophy in females, with gonadal hormones partly regulating this difference. Stress effects on microglia are oestradiol‐dependent in females. Taken together, these data suggest sex‐specific, gonadal hormone‐dependent stress effects on astrocytes and microglia in the mPFC