Device architecture for efficient, low-hysteresis flexible perovskite solar cells:. Replacing TiO2 with C-60 assisted by polyethylenimine ethoxylated interfacial layers

We here report methylammonium lead-iodide-based perovskite solar cells (psSCs) in which a TiO2 layer (a de facto electron transport layer of psSCs) is replaced with a layer of C-60 evaporated onto indium tin oxide layers covered with polyethylenimine ethoxylated (PEIE) layers. Unlike TiO2 layers requiring a high-temperature sintering, C-60 is deposited while the substrate is held at room temperature, making it compatible with various plastic substrates for flexible psSCs. The PEIE layers are shown to play key roles, not only as an electron collecting interfacial layer but also as a surface modifier that helps maintain the integrity of the C-60 layers during spin-coating of the perovsldte active layers. Using the proposed device architecture, we demonstrate flexible psSCs that exhibit power conversion efficiency as high as 13.3% with low hysteresis.