Nitrate is one of major pollutants on environments. Although nitrate itself in drinking water is relatively nontoxic, it can be microbially reduced to nitrite, which causes health threats to human body, and there are lots of environmental concerns which may arise from the eutrophication that is caused by nitrate. Among various nitrate removal methods, biological denitrification is widely used due to its economical and environmental advantages. However, these biological denitrification methods have disadvantages such as low denitrification efficiency and long residence time. Furthermore, the supply of external carbon source is required to maintain the activity of the denitrifier and it may cause secondary pollution to water system. Therefore...