ROMAN CIVIL PROCEDURE THROUGH THE PRISM OF ENFORCEMENT

Značajke ovrhe u rimskom pravu moguće je analizirati u sklopu širih postavki građanskog postupovnog prava koji u rimskom okviru podrazumijeva tri segmenta. Kronološki najstariji legisakcijski postupak karakterizira stoga formalnosti i usmenost, sukladno okolnostima ondašnjeg stanja svijesti u društvu, a u kojemu je pravilo konsekutivno navedenome, bila neposredna ovrha na osobi dužnika. To je ublaženo donošenjem zakona Lex Poetelia Papiria de Nexis kojim se uvodi mogućnost otplatiti dug svojim radom za vjerovnike. Slijedi ga formularni postupak kojega također odlikuje formalizam, sada vidljiv u pisanoj formi kojega postupak zahtijeva. Dužnik svoj dug može i dalje otplatiti radom za vjerovnika ili postupkom venditio bonorum (cjelokupna dužnikova imovina se predaje u vlasništvo tužitelju sa svrhom prodaje). Kognicijski tip postupka, kao najrecentnijeg, obilježavaju brojne novine kao što je primjerice mogućnost ulaganja žalbe (appellatio) i postupak prodavanja dužnikovih stvari na javnoj dražbi u okviru ovrhe.The features of enforcement in Roman law can be analyzed within the broader principles of civil procedural law, which in the Roman framework includes three segments. The first is the legislative procedure characterized by formalities and orality, in accordance with the approach of consciousness referring particular state and society circumstances of the time concerned and thus implementing the personal enforcement. It was moderated by the enactment of the Lex Poetelia Papiria de Nexis Act which introduced the possibility of repaying the debt by debtor's work for creditor. It is followed by a formal procedure which is also characterized by formalism, now visible in the written form required by the procedure. The debtor can still repay his debt by work for the creditor or by the venditio bonorum procedure (all the debtor's property is handed over to the plaintiff for the purpose of sale). The cognitive type of procedure, as the most recent, is marked by numerous novelties, such as the possibility of filing an appeal (appellatio) and the procedure of selling the debtor's property at a public auction as part of enforcement