Human immunodeficiency virus among people who inject drugs: Is risk increasing in Europe?

In response to sharp increases in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) notifications reported among people who inject drugs (PWID) in Greece and Romania, a risk assessment of HIV transmission among PWID was carried out in the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA), Croatia and Turkey, in 2011. The report, covering 31 countries, confirmed outbreaks among PWID in Greece and Romania and noted a potential for outbreaks elsewhere [1,2]. This update, based on a survey conducted in mid-2013, summarises developments in HIV transmission and injecting risks among PWID since 2010 and identifies areas where scale-up of evidence-based preventive measures is needed to avoid further outbreaks