CAR FRIDRIK II. HOHENSTAUFEN

Fridrik II., rođen je 26. prosinca 1194. god. Sin je cara Henrika VI. iz dinastije Hohenstaufen i majke Konstanze d'Hauteville, nasljednice normanskih kraljeva na Siciliji. Fridrik II. je bio obdaren iznimnim talentima i ambicijama, kako političkim tako i onima na polju kulture koji su obilježili njegovu vladavinu nad jednim iznimno velikim teritorijem koji se prostirao od juga Sicilije preko Italije sve do Njemačke na sjeveru. Bio je kralj Sicilije, Burgundije, Njemačke, Italije i Jeruzalema, te car Svetog Rimskog Carstva. Fridrik II. je vidio sebe kao izravnog nasljednika antičkih rimskih careva. Okrunjen je 1220. god i titulu kralja Rimljana nosio je sve do svoje smrti 13. prosinca 1250. god. Kao suvladar s majkom Konstanzom, kćerkom Rogera II. sa Sicilije u trećoj godini života bio je proglašen kraljem Sicilije. Zbog svog braka sa Izabelom Brienne i organizacijom Šestog križarskog rata nosio je i titulu kralja Jeruzalema. Radi čestih sukoba s papinstvom, koje se našlo u nezavidnom položaju zarobljeno između njegovih zemalja u sjevernoj Italiji i Kraljevini Siciliji na jugu, Fridrik II. je tri puta ekskomuniciran, a papinske kronike imale su i kasnije svoj negativni utjecaj i nastavile su propagandu protiv cara Fridrika II., do te mjere da ga je papa Grgur IX. nazvao i „antikristom“. Fridrik II. je bio strastveni pokrovitelj znanosti i umjetnosti, poznavao je šest jezika. Na poseban način bio je posvećen promociji književnosti i filozofiji kroz sicilijansku školu poezije i Napuljsko sveučilište. Prvi puta upotrijebio je književni oblik sicilijanskog jezika na njegovom kraljevskom dvoru u Palermu. Škola i poezija koja je nastajala u njoj imali su veliki značaj i doprinos nastanaku modernog talijanskog jezika i svekoliki utjecaj na Europsku književnost. Nakon Fridrikove smrti, njegova dinastija nije preživjela i Sveto Rimsko Carstvo je ušlo u doba opadanja.Frederick II. was born on December 26, 1194. He is the son of Emperor Henry VI. of the Hohenstaufen dynasty and mother Constance, heiress of the Norman kings of Sicily. The ruler was endowed with exceptional talents and ambitions, both political and cultural, which marked his rule over an extremely large territory stretching from southern Sicily through Italy all the way to Germany in the north. He was crowmed king of Sicily, Burgundy, Germany, Italy and Jerusalem, as well the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. Frederick II. saw himself as the direct heir of the ancient Roman emperors. He was crowned in 1220 and held the title of king of the Romans until his death on December 13, 1250. As co-ruler with his mother Constance of Hauteville, daughter of Roger II. of Sicily at the age of only three, he was proclaimed king of Sicily. Due to his stuggle with the Papal State, which was in an unenviable position trapped between his lands in northern Italy and his Kingdom of Sicily in the south, Frederick II. was excommunicated three times and the propagandistic papist chronicles later had their negative impact and continued ruthless abuse of the emperors name to the point that Pope Gregory IX. called him the Antichrist. Frederick II. was a passionate patron of science and art, speaking six languages. In a special way he was dedicated to the promotion of literature and philosophy through the Sicilian school of poetry and University of Naples. He first used the literary form of the Sicilian language at his royal court in Palermo. The school and poetry that emerged in it were of great importance and contribution to the emergence of the modern Italian language and of grat influence on overall European literature. After Frederick's death, his dynasty did not survive and the Holy Roman Empire entered a long period of decline