POIMANJE SUPSTANCIJE KOD DESCARTESA I SPINOZE

Cilj ovog rada je napraviti kratki presjek shvaćanja pojma supstancije kojeg su ustvrdili filozofi u razdoblju racionalizma gdje će prvenstveno biti težište na ono shvaćanje kakvo nalazimo kod Descartesa i Spinoze. Struktura rada se sastoji u tome da će autor prije svega postaviti okvir iznoseći generalne karakteristike samog racionalizma, pa slijedom toga spomenit neke od općepoznatih definicija koje se tiču supstancije kao takve da bi se lakše moglo zaći u temu koja stoji pred vama. U centru razmatranja će naravno biti stavljen spoznajni problem i samo definiranje supstancije, koji ćemo ponaosob obraditi, raspodijeljevši uradak na dio posvećen Descartesu i na dio posvećen Spinozi. Dakako, svaki od spomenutih racionalista nosi sa svojim sustavom stanoviti nedostatak ili problematiku na koji ćemo skrenut pozornost i podastrijeti njihov pokušaj da riješe vlastiti problem „rupe“ u sustavu uz sugestije današnjih tumačenja takvog razvoja misli. Naprosto se ne možemo otet dojmu kako svaki skup karakteristika koji su ustvrdili ova dva filozofa nerijetko povlače za sobom razne implikacije gdje se vidi prostor za mogućom kritikom. Također, kroz rad bit će pod svjetlom promatranja stavljeni pojmovi koji su usko isprepleteni sa supstancijom, a to su atributi, modusi i na koncu pojam Boga koji je na neki način i dalje osjetno zadržao utjecaj srednjovjekovnog percipiranja supstancije.The aim of this paper is to make a brief overview of the understanding of the concept of substance established by philosophers in the rationalist period, where the focus will be set primarily on the understanding of such concepts as we find them in the works of Descartes and Spinoza. The Structure of this paper is based on the authors set framework, outlining the general characteristics of rationalism itself, followed then with contemporary, generalyknown definitions concerning „substance as such“ so that it is easier to enter into a deeper analysis of the topic before us.At the center of the discussion will, of course, be the problem of cognition and the definition of the concept of substance, which we will analyse individually, dividing the work into two parts; the first part dedicated to Descartes, and the second part dedicated to Spinoza.Of course, each of the mentioned rationalists philosophers carry with their systems a certain shortcoming or problem to which we must and will draw attention to, and present their attempts to solve their own problems or "holes" in their systems, aswell as analyse those problems with suggestions of contemporary interpretations. We simply cannot shake off the impression that each set of characteristics asserted by these two philosophers often entails various implications where interpretative space is created for possible criticism. Also, through the paper, concepts that are closely intertwined with substance will be placed under observation, namely the concepts of attribute, modes and finally the concept of God, which in some way still significantly retained the influence of medieval perception of substance