Ascent, Evolution and Twilight of Sailing vessels on the Eastern Coast of the Adriatic

Ovaj diplomski rad bavit će se jedrenjacima na istočnoj jadranskoj obali preko tri glavne faze: početnog uspona, razvoja i na kraju njihovog sutona kad su ih istisnuli parobrodi. Jedrenjaci su tijekom svoje dominacije, koja je trajala otprilike 700 godina, prolazili kroz razne promjene uvijek težeći usavršavanju. Pojavom čistih jedrenjaka za dugu plovidbu u XIII. stoljeću, za vrijeme nautičke revolucije, odbacuju vesla i dodavanjem navarskog kormila nesmetano plove izvan Jadranskog mora, odnosno Sredozemljem. Zbog tako važnih promjena razvitak jedrenaka bit će opisan kroz tri razdoblja: ugarsko-hrvatskog doba i razdoblja dalmatinskih slobodnih općina (1200. - 1420.), mletačke vladavine (1420. - 1797.) te austrougarske uprave (1797. - 1914.). Svako razdoblje i vladavina donosila je neke drugačije izazove za hrvatski narod, ali i za nastavak razvitka brodarstva i brodogradnje koje su ili dopuštale ili pak kočile njegov daljni razvoj. Tijekom ugarsko-hrvatskog doba, najveći prosperitet doživjet će Dubrovnik, dok će mletačka vladavina kompletno paralizirati neka brodogradilišta kao i pomorska središta koja neće imati jedrenjake za dugu plovidbu sve do XVIII. stoljeća. Prelaskom pod austrougarsku vlast, istočna jadranska obala suočava se s novim igračem koji dolazi na scenu – parobrodom, koji će predstavljati veliku opasnost i konkurenciju vlasnicima jedrenjaka i donijeti ne samo borbu između stranog i domaćeg kapitala, već i razne socijalne promjene kao što je prelazak iz karatnog u dionička društva i kompletnu preorijentaciju brodogradilišta s drvenog na željezni način izrade broda. Osnivanjem brojih parobrodarskih društava diljem obale kao i otvaranje željezničkog prometa, popravit će sveopće stanje na istočnoj jadranskoj obali, dajući znak da se polako ali sigurno hrvatski narod prilagođava novom dobu u kojem će parobrodi ostati, a jedrenjaci nestati. Zaista, malo po malo parobrodi oduzimaju funkcije jedenjacima i u vrlo kratkom roku ih izbacuju sa svjetskih mora, ostavljajući ih, nekoć nedodirljive i u punoj snazi, u obalnoj plovidbi gdje ugrađivanjem pomoćnog motora uspijevaju očuvati vlastitu egzistenciju.This thesis will deal with sailing vessels on the eastern Adriatic coast through three main phases: the initial ascent, development and their twilight when they were pushed out by steamships. During their domination, which lasted approximately 700 years, sailing vessels underwent various changes, always striving for perfection. With the appearance of clean sailing ships for long voyages in the XIII. century, during the nautical revolution, they discarded the oars and, by adding the Navarrian rudder, sailed unhindered outside the Adriatic Sea, that is, the Mediterranean. Due to such important changes, the development of sailing vessels will be described through three periods: the Hungarian-Croatian period and the period of Dalmatian free municipalities (1200.-1420.), the Venetian rule (1420.-1797.) and the Austro-Hungarian administration (1797.-1914.). Each period and rule brought some different challenges for the Croatian people, but also for the continued development of shipping and shipbuilding, which either allowed or hindered its further development. During the Hungarian-Croatian period, the greatest prosperity will be experienced by Dubrovnik, while the Venetian rule will completely paralyze some shipyards as well as maritime centers that will not have sailing vessels for long voyages until the XVIII. century. Passing under Austro-Hungarian rule, the eastern Adriatic coast faces a new player coming on the scene - a steamer, which will pose a great danger and competition to sailboat owners and bring not only a struggle between foreign and domestic capital, but also various social changes such as the transition from carat to joint stock companies and the complete reorientation of the shipyard from a wooden to an iron way of making a ship. By establishing numerous steamship companies along the coast and opening rail traffic, it will improve the general situation on the eastern Adriatic coast, signaling that the Croatian people are slowly but surely adapting to the new age in which steamships will remain and sailboats will disappear. Indeed, little by little, steamships take away functions from sailing vessels and in a very short time throw them out of the world's seas, leaving them, once untouchable and in full force, in coastal navigation where they manage to preserve their own existence by installing an auxiliary engine