Technical Solutions for Reducing Exhaust Emissions from Four-stroke Engines

Štetni ispušni plinovi kod automobila su jedna od glavnih tema budućnosti zbog posljedica koje ostavljaju na okolišu. Zato su kroz ovaj rad prikazane i objašnjene različite mjere kojima se može smanjiti količina ispušnih plinova kod četverotaktnih motora. U ovom radu su obuhvaćene mjere kod dizelskih i kod benzinskih motora. Prikazan je i princip rada motora s različitim procesima te su pojašnjenje temperature i tlakovi plinova izgaranja tijekom četiri takta motora. Euro norme su zahtjevi europske unije kojima se svake godine pokušavaju uvoditi nove mjere tako da svaki novi proizvedeni automobil ima manje ispušnih plinova od prethodnog automobila. Postoje jako slični zahvati unutar i izvan motora i kod benzinskih i kod dizelskih motora koji pomažu smanjenju ispušnih plinova. U radu su navedeni zahtjevi te koje ispušne plinove smanjuju. U radu su navedeni i štetni i ne štetni ispušni plinovi koji se pojavljuju prilikom rada motora i njihove posljedice za život čovjeka, biljaka i životinja. Također su prikazana alternativna goriva i koja se sve alternativna goriva koriste i koja bi se mogla koristiti u budućnosti. Navedeni su i mogući problemi kod pojedinačnih alternativnih goriva te vozila koja su produkt automobilske industrije u Hrvatskoj, ali i u svijetu. U svim državama europske unije se daje poticaj za kupovinu električnih vozila jer se takva vozila smatraju vozilima budućnosti.Harmful exhaust fumes from cars are one of the main topics of the future due to the consequences they leave on the environment. Therefore, this paper presents and explains various measures that can reduce the amount of exhaust gases in four-stroke engines. This paper covers measures for diesel and otto engines. The principle of work of engines with different processes is also presented, as well as the explanation of the temperatures and pressures inside chambers of combustion gases during the four strokes. Euro standards are the requirements of the European Union with which they try to introduce new measures every year so that each newly produced car has less exhaust gases than the previous car. There are very similar measures inside and outside the engine in both otto and diesel engines that help reduce exhaust fumes. This paper has a lists of the measures and which exhaust gases they reduce. The paper has a lists of both harmful and non-harmful exhaust gases that occur during engine operation and their consequences for human, plant and animal life. Alternative fuels are also shown with some alternative fuels that are currently used and which could be used in the future. This paper shows also possible problems with individual alternative fuels. Vehicles that are a product of the automotive industry in Croatia, but also in the world, are also listed. In all countries of the European Union, there is an stimulus to buy electric vehicles because such vehicles are considered the vehicles of the future