Indices of heart rate variability and performance during a response-conflict task are differently associated with ADHD and autism

Objective. We investigated autonomic arousal, attention and response conflict, in ADHD and autism. Method. Heart rate variability (HRV), and behavioural and electrophysiological indices of performance, were recorded during a task with low and high levels of response conflict in 78 children/adolescents (7-15 years old) with ADHD, autism, comorbid ADHD+autism, or neurotypical. ANOVA models were used to investigate effects of ADHD and autism, while a mediation model was tested to clarify the relationship between ADHD and slower performance. Results. Slower and less accurate performance characterised ADHD and autism; however, atypical electrophysiological indices differently characterised these conditions. The relationship between ADHD and slower task performance was mediated by reduced HRV in response to the cue stimulus. Conclusions. Autonomic hypo-arousal and difficulties in mobilising energetic resources in response to sensory information (associated with ADHD), and atypical electrophysiological indices of information processing (associated with autism), might negatively affect cognitive performance in those with ADHD+autism