Bacteria have evolved a wide range of mechanisms to harm and kill their competitors, including chemical, mechanical and biological weapons. Here we review the incredible diversity of bacterial weapon systems, which comprise antibiotics, toxic proteins, mechanical weapons that stab and pierce, viruses, and more. The evolution of bacterial weapons is shaped by many factors, including cell density and nutrient abundance, and how strains are arranged in space. Bacteria also employ a diverse range of combat behaviours, including pre-emptive attacks, suicidal attacks, and reciprocation (tit-for-tat). However, why bacteria carry so many weapons, and why they are so often used, remains poorly understood. By comparison with animals, we argue that th...
The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a nanomachine used by many bacteria to drive a toxin-laden ne...
Bacteria, the most abundant organisms on the planet, are outnumbered by a factor of 10 to 1 by phage...
Bacteria, the most abundant organisms on the planet, are outnumbered by a factor of 10 to 1 by phage...
Bacteria inhibit and kill one another with a diverse array of compounds, including bacteriocins and ...
During the long history of co-evolution with protists, bacteria have evolved defense strategies to a...
Bacteria inhibit and kill one another with a diverse array of compounds, including bacteriocins and ...
Bacteria inhibit and kill one another with a diverse array of compounds, including bacteriocins and ...
Animals have evolved a wide diversity of aggressive behavior often based upon the careful monitoring...
Microbes live in dense communities where strains and species compete for space and nutrients. Cells ...
Animals have evolved a wide diversity of aggressive behavior often based upon the careful monitoring...
Microbes live in dense communities where strains and species compete for space and nutrients. Cells ...
Invading an occupied niche is a formidable ecological challenge, and one of particular human importa...
Invading an occupied niche is a formidable ecological challenge, and one of particular human importa...
Invading an occupied niche is a formidable ecological challenge, and one of particular human importa...
Invading an occupied niche is a formidable ecological challenge, and one of particular human importa...
The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a nanomachine used by many bacteria to drive a toxin-laden ne...
Bacteria, the most abundant organisms on the planet, are outnumbered by a factor of 10 to 1 by phage...
Bacteria, the most abundant organisms on the planet, are outnumbered by a factor of 10 to 1 by phage...
Bacteria inhibit and kill one another with a diverse array of compounds, including bacteriocins and ...
During the long history of co-evolution with protists, bacteria have evolved defense strategies to a...
Bacteria inhibit and kill one another with a diverse array of compounds, including bacteriocins and ...
Bacteria inhibit and kill one another with a diverse array of compounds, including bacteriocins and ...
Animals have evolved a wide diversity of aggressive behavior often based upon the careful monitoring...
Microbes live in dense communities where strains and species compete for space and nutrients. Cells ...
Animals have evolved a wide diversity of aggressive behavior often based upon the careful monitoring...
Microbes live in dense communities where strains and species compete for space and nutrients. Cells ...
Invading an occupied niche is a formidable ecological challenge, and one of particular human importa...
Invading an occupied niche is a formidable ecological challenge, and one of particular human importa...
Invading an occupied niche is a formidable ecological challenge, and one of particular human importa...
Invading an occupied niche is a formidable ecological challenge, and one of particular human importa...
The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a nanomachine used by many bacteria to drive a toxin-laden ne...
Bacteria, the most abundant organisms on the planet, are outnumbered by a factor of 10 to 1 by phage...
Bacteria, the most abundant organisms on the planet, are outnumbered by a factor of 10 to 1 by phage...