The ability of GexGa4S96-x chalcogenide glasses dissolving rare earth probed by x-ray photoelectron spectra analysis

We have synthesized the ternary chalcogenide glasses GexGa4S96-x (x = 22.5, 27, 30, 33, 36), and studied the structural evolution of the glasses by the high-resolution x-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) technique. We decomposed S 2p, Ge 3d and Ga 3d core XPS spectra into different structural units and found that, with increasing Ge content, part of S-Ge(Ga)-S structure changes into (Ge,Ga)- Ge(Ga)-S, and finally Ge(Ga) clusters appear in the chemically stoichiometric and S-poor glasses. The formation of Ge(Ga) clusters in the chemically stoichiometric and S-poor glasses indicates that, only S-rich Ge–Ga–S glasses can be effectively used as hosts for the doping of rare earth ions, in which no Ga clusters exist and the rare earth ions can be uniformly distributed in the glasses to avoid any possible photoluminescence quenching.We thanks the support from the Startup Fund for Distinguished Scholars in Ningbo University, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 6177030933) and Australian Research Council (ARC)Centre of Excellence for Ultrahigh Bandwidth Device for Optical System (project CE110001018)