Depression detection based on deep distribution learning

Abstract Major depressive disorder is among the most common and harmful mental health problems. Several deep learning architectures have been proposed for video-based detection of depression based on the facial expressions of subjects. To predict the depression level, these architectures are often modeled for regression with Euclidean loss. Consequently, they do not leverage the data distribution, nor explore the ordinal relationship between facial images and depression levels, and have limited robustness to noisy and uncertain labeling. This paper introduces a deep learning architecture for accurately predicting depression levels through distribution learning. It relies on a new expectation loss function that allows to estimate the underlying data distribution over depression levels, where expected values of the distribution are optimized to approach the ground-truth levels. The proposed approach can produce accurate predictions of depression levels even under label uncertainty. Extensive experiments on the AVEC2013 and AVEC2014 datasets indicate that the proposed architecture represents an effective approach that can outperform state-of-the-art techniques