The need to freeze dehydration during specimen preparation for electron microscopy collapses the endothelial glycocalyx regardless of fixation method

Objective The endothelial glycocalyx covers the luminal surface of the endothelium and plays key roles in vascular function. Despite its biological importance, ideal visualization techniques are lacking. The current study aimed to improve the preservation and subsequent imaging quality of the endothelial glycocalyx. Methods In mice, the endothelial glycocalyx was contrasted with a mixture of lanthanum and dysprosium LaDy . Standard chemical fixation was compared with highpressure frozen specimens processed with freeze substitution. Also, isolated brain microvessels and cultured endothelial cells were high pressure frozen and by transmission soft x rays, imaged under cryogenic conditions. Results The endothelial glycocalyx was in some tissues significantly more voluminous from chemically fixed specimens compared with high pressure frozen specimens. LaDy labeling introduced excessive absorption contrast, which impeded glycocalyx measurements in isolated brain microvessels when using transmission soft x rays. In non contrasted vessels, the glycocalyx was not resolved. LaDy contrasted, cultured brain endothelial cells allowed to assess glycocalyx volume in vitro. Conclusions Both chemical and cryogenic fixation followed by dehydration lead to substantial collapse of the glycocalyx. Cryogenic fixation without freeze substitution could be a way forward although transmission soft x ray tomography based solely on amplitude contrast seems unsuitabl