Stable isotope ratio analysis combined with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry for geographical discrimination between Italian and foreign saffron

Seventy-six samples of saffron were analysed through inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and stable isotope ratio analysis. The dataset was formed by 67 samples harvested in different areas of Italy, Morocco and Iran, and nine samples purchased in the Italian market. For the first time, 42 elements and five stable isotopes (δ13C, δ15N, δ34S, δ2H and δ18O) were considered to carry out the discrimination of the samples on the basis of their geographical origin. Combined ICP-MS and isotopic composition data turned out to be a useful tool for the geographical discrimination of saffron among predefined cultivation sites. K, Cr, Mn, Ni, Zn, Rb, Sr, Mo, Cs, Nd, Eu, Pb, δ13C, δ15N, δ34S and δ2H were identified as the significant variables in geographical discrimination. Moreover, the class models generated for saffron cultivated in two specific areas of Central Italy exhibited 100% specificity for Moroccan, Iranian and commercial samples and a high specificity (83% and 84%) for the saffron samples cultivated in other, although close, Italian sites