華人與墨西哥裔在加州與墨西哥之社會關係的演進探析（1882－1930）

Prior to the early 1880s, early contact between Chinese and Mexican Americans essentially followed a trajectory that is common to most ethnic groups in strengthening their social relationships: from limited interaction to a better understanding of each other. The white supremacy, legal discrimination and vulnerable situations in labor markets caused members from both communities to overcome intrinsic differences and to interact with each other in workplaces and commercial stores, and to even share residences. However, after 1882, the American exclusive laws against Chinese, coupled with Mexican Authority's patronage of Chinese immigration, formed the fundamental basis for Chinese and Mexicans to interact as cooperative workers or mutually reciprocal partners in economic and social arenas in Mexico as well as developed a vast, ＂transnational＂ smuggling business that involved bi-ethnic agents and collaborators along the U.S.-Mexico border. This comparatively benevolent relationship between these two ethnic groups began to collapse in the 1920s when an anti-Chinese movement emerged among Mexicans. This movement fostered the image of the Chinese as the economic exploiter of Mexicans in the following decades, leading to the decline of the interaction between the two ethnic groups. In this essay the author utilized both nation-based and borderland perspectives to examine the experiences of those who lived in and between U.S. and Mexico in chronical order, and put history of Chinese diaspora and migration in the context of transnational immigration trend, transformative demand of labor force and diverse ethnic circumstance. It hopes to provide a fundamental study to uncover inter-ethnic establishments in the North America.1882年前，墨、華在語言與文化上存在巨大的歧異，使兩族群僅能在美國西部地區礦場等少數場域發展出有限的社會關係。1882年《排華法案》的制定及其後限制華人與華工的一系列法律，驅使華人離開美國。其時，墨國狄亞茲政府為實現墨國現代化及積極開墾北部邊疆區域，亟需外來勞力而獎勵移民，此政策促進華人從美國南向遷移至墨西哥的趨勢。以美國華商為先驅，20世紀初華人移民迅速在墨西哥重要都市從事農業、洗衣業、零售業等工作，其中許多華工在長期奮鬥中獲得經濟自主，並在墨國建立穩固的社會關係，包括華、墨間的族裔通婚與家庭組成；互利式的華人商家與墨國勞工間的勞雇關係；華人小商家與在地居民的商業買賣；乃至包括兩族群間共同涉及美、墨邊境的非法人口走私等活動。1910年代墨西哥發生革命，狄亞茲政府為革命政權所取代，伴隨墨西哥國族主義（indigenismo）的強化，促使排外（華）風潮興起，華、墨間關係受到挑戰，大量華人被迫離開墨西哥，兩族群間的社會關係也隨之降溫而逐漸消失