Effect of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Wastes, Black Garlic Extracts and Different Forms of Calcium on The Growth and Development of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis)

結球白菜(Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis)為重要十字花科蔬菜，頂燒病為其常見生理障礙，前人研究指出其為缺鈣所造成，且發生時常併發軟腐病，嚴重影響蔬菜品質。目前防治方法以化學藥劑為主，但為求環境永續發展，使用天然資材與農業廢棄物資源再利用於防治備受重視。本研究應用大蒜廢棄物相關資材及外施鈣源之方式，探討其對內葉鈣吸收之表現，及減少結球白菜頂燒病發生之效果。 結球白菜各葉層營養分佈中，鉀、鈣、鎂及硼濃度隨葉層數增加而增加，磷、銅濃度則減少，氮、鐵及鋅濃度無顯著差異。罹患頂燒病之結球白菜內葉中氮、鈣、鉀、鎂及錳濃度皆顯著較未罹病組低，磷、硼及鋅濃度則較高，鉀濃度在兩者間無顯著差異。內葉中鈣濃度分析結果，罹病組較對照組減少1.7%。葉片噴施0.01 M氯化鈣、硫酸鈣及乳酸鈣試驗中，以0.01 M氯化鈣處理組之頂燒病罹病度與軟腐病球數皆最低。在葉片噴施鈣源對葉片鈣濃度無提升之效果，但氯化鈣處理可降低軟腐病之發生，而硫酸鈣及乳酸鈣處理則反之。 將培養土與大蒜廢棄物粉末以10:1、20:1及40:1之比例作為混合介質之試驗結果顯示，各比例混合介質對'新28包心白菜二號'、'包白47號'及'包白56號'品種發芽率均無促進之效果，反而隨大蒜廢棄物添加比例增加而降低。幼苗生長方面，'新28包心白菜二號'品種栽培於添加10:1混合比例之介質及'包白56號'品種栽培於40:1混合比例之介質中皆有顯著促進生長之效果。'包白47號'苗期在10:1混合比例之介質中育苗，再移植到一般培養土進行後續栽培，其頂燒病發生最嚴重。'包白45號'生長期以各比例混合介質栽培，其頂燒病罹病程度皆顯著低於對照組，其中以10:1混合比例之介質對結球白菜生長無抑制作用，且各葉層之氮、磷、鉀、鈣、鎂、錳及鋅濃度皆顯著高於其它處理組。混合介質在不同品種間之效果，'新28包心白菜二號'及'包白45號'於添加10:1混合比例之介質中種植效果最佳，具促進生長、降低頂燒病發生及顯著增加葉片之大量元素濃度。在黑蒜萃取液澆灌試驗中，苗期澆灌300倍黑蒜稀釋液具有促進幼苗生長之效果，但生長期澆灌則無類似作用，高濃度處理則出現抑制生長現象。Summary Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis) is an important Crucifera vegetable. Tipburn is a commonly existed physiological disorder of Chinese cabbage, previous study suggested that tipburn is caused by calcium deficiency and frequently occurred with soft rot disease, seriously affects the quality of vegetable. The prevention methods of tipburn are mainly based on chemical agents, however, the sustainable development of environment is an important issue today, which caused more attention to the reuse of natural materials and agricultural waste resources to control tipburn. The objectives of this study are to utilize garlic waste materials and apply various calcium sources, and to investigate whether these treatment are effect on increasing the absorption of calcium in the inner leaves and reducing incidence of Chinese cabbage tipburn. Analysis of nutrient distribution in different leaf layers of Chinese cabbage indicated that the concentrations of potassium, calcium, magnesium and boron increase with the order of leaf layers from inside, while the concentrations of phosphorus and copper showed opposite trend, furthermore, the concentrations of nitrogen, iron and zinc are not significantly different among different leaf layers. The concentrations of nitrogen, calcium, potassium, magnesium and manganese in the inner leaves of Chinese cabbage with tipburn were significantly lower than those without tipburn, while the concentrations of phosphorus, boron and zinc were higher but the concentration of potassium was not significantly different. Analysis of calcium concentration in the inner leaves showed the concentration in rickets was 1.7% lower than that of control. For different kinds of calcium source tested Chinese cabbage spray with 0.01M calcium chloride had both the lowest degree of tipburn and soft rot disease. External application of calcium had no effect on calcium concentration in leaves, but application of calcium chloride may reduce the occurrence of soft rot disease, while the treatment of calcium sulfate and calcium lactate had opposite effect. Germination results obtained from germination tests conducted on substrates containing various mixing ratios of garlic waste indicated that none of the substrate tested shows promoting effect on germination rate of 'new 28 Chinese cabbage No. 2', 'Chinese cabbage No. 47' and 'Chinese cabbage No. 56' seeds, the germination rate decreases as the mixing ratio increases. In terms of seedling growth, a significant promoting effect were noticed in 'new 28 Chinese cabbage No. 2' when cultivated on the substrate with a mixing ratio of 10:1 (peat moss : garlic waste, v/v) and 'Chinese cabbage No. 56' cultivated on the substrate with a mixing ratio of 40:1. 'Chinese cabbage No. 47' transplants cultivated on the substrate with a mixing ratio of 10:1 exhibited most severe tipburn symptoms after transplanting to peat moss. Tipburn was less severe in 'Chinese cabbage No. 45' cultivated on garlic waste containing substrates relative to the control. Moreover, seedling growth of 'Chinese cabbage No. 45' was not inhibited when grown on the substrate with a mixing ratio of 10:1 and higher concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese and zinc were detected in various leaf layers compared to those grown on the rest substrates. While using the substrate with a mixing ratio of 10:1, the growth performance was best in 'new 28 Chinese cabbage No. 2' and 'Chinese cabbage No. 45', the seedling growth was enhanced, the tipburn symptom was reduced and the contents of macronutrients in leaves were increased. Results from application of black garlic extract indicated that seedling growth was promoted when irrigated with black garlic extract diluted 300 times, however, no growth promoting effect can be observed while irrigated after transplanting; furthermore, inhibitory growth effect was recorded while irrigated with higher concentrations of black garlic extract.目錄 中文摘要 i Summary ii 目錄 iv 圖目次 v 表目次 vii 壹、 前言 1 貳、前人研究 2 一、大蒜廢棄物再利用之價值性 2 二、結球白菜生長習性及主要生理障礙與病害 4 三、葉片噴施鈣源對頂燒病之影響 5 參、材料方法 8 一、結球白菜營養元素分佈 8 二、結球白菜生長期間葉面噴施鈣源處理對降低頂燒病之效果 11 三、大蒜廢棄物添加於栽培介質內對結球白菜育苗及生長之影響 14 四、黑蒜萃取液澆灌處理對結球白菜生長之影響 17 肆、結果 20 一、結球白菜營養元素分佈 20 二、結球白菜生長期間葉面噴施鈣源處理對降低頂燒病之效果 27 三、大蒜廢棄物添加於栽培介質內對結球白菜育苗及生長之影響 38 四、黑蒜萃取液澆灌處理對結球白菜生長之影響 69 伍、討論 81 一、結球白菜營養元素分佈 81 二、結球白菜生長期間葉面噴施鈣源處理對降低頂燒病之效果 83 三、大蒜廢棄物添加於栽培介質內對結球白菜育苗及生長之影響 86 四、黑蒜萃取液澆灌處理對結球白菜生長之影響 89 陸、結論 91 參考文獻 93 附錄 10