Variation performance in the development stage and female preference of oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel) on seven different tropical host plants

Eradication and control program have been established some countries because of the damaged caused by oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel). By observing the development time, pupal weight, and hatchability of oriental fruit fly can contribute some data to control this insect pest. Also, insect preference is a substantial behaviour which must be considered in the female existence that affects the insect population. Thus, in this study, I focused on the development time of oriental fruit fly and the female preferences which can be used to build an ecological-pest management. The experiment has conducted in developmental bioassays to understand the stage development time of oriental fruit fly in 7 host plant (banana, tangerine, papaya, starfruit, lemon, guava, pineapple) and artificial diet; no-choice and choice experiment to study about female preferences between 7 host plants. Based on the result, the development time of oriental fruit fly in tangerine (18.33 ± .77 days); banana (19.12 ± .16 days) and guava (21.04 ± 1.01 days) was the fastest. The heaviest pupal weight found in the artificial diet (13 mg) and the lightest pupa was in lemon (9.96 mg). Oriental fruit flies laid more eggs in tangerine and guava in the non-choice experiment but prefer banana and guava in the choice experiment. In addition, the preferences (choice experiment) of oriental fruit fly were not correlated with the hatchability. From this study, we can suggest using lemon three as tree trap that can be used as integrated pest the management.List of Content Page Acknowledgment i Abstract ii Table of Contents iii List of Tables v List of Figures vi Introduction 1 Literature Review 3 Oriental Fruit Fly (Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel) 3 Host Plant 4 Preferences based on olfactory system 6 Materials and Methods 8 Materials 8 Insects 8 Host Plant 9 Methods 9 Developmental time 9 Choice experiment 10 No-Choice experiment 10 Fruit Nutrient 11 Result 13 Developmental time 13 Sex-ratio 13 Pupal Weight 13 Emerged ability 14 No-choice experiment 14 Choice experiment 14 Correlation between development time and pupal weight 15 Correlation between number of eggs laid by females and hatchability 15 Discussion and Conclusion 16 Discussion 16 Developmental time 16 No-choice experiment 18 Choice experiment 19 Correlation between the number of eggs laid and hatchability 20 Conclusion 22 References 23 List of Tables Page Table 1 Developmental time and the performances of Oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel) on artificial diet, papaya, and starfruit. 29 Table 2 Developmental time and the performances of Oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel) on artificial diet, banana, and tangerine. 30 Table 3 Developmental time and the performances of Oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel) on artificial diet, banana, and tangerine. 31 Table 4 Correlation between developmental time with the pupal weight of oriental fruit fly. 32 Table 5 Correlation between preferences and emerged ability of oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel). 32 Table 6 Detail Nutritional composition of raw pulp fruits. The data was obtained from United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Nutrient Database for Standard References and ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental, and Occupational Health Safety). 33 List of Figures Page Figure 1. Histogram of no-choice experiment Oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel) on different host fruits. Differentiation letters indicate significant differences among host plant 34 Figure 2. Histogram of choice experiment oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel) on different host fruits. Asterisk indicates significant differences among the host plant. 35 Figure 3 Oriental fruit fly colony maintained in the growth chamber at 25 ± 1°C, 70 ± 10% RH, and a photoperiod of 12:12 (L:D) h 36 Figure 4. Oriental fruit fly eggs for development experiment. 37 Figure 5. A process of put the neonates into the fruits in a developmental experiment 38 Figure 6. Developmental of larval in each fruit 38 Figure 7. Pupa stage of developmental experiment 39 Figure 8. Choice and Non-Choice experiment equipment 40 Figure 9. No- Choice experiment design 41 Figure 10. Choice experiment design 4